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Tomicus piniperda
''Tomicus piniperda'' (common pine shoot beetle) is a bark beetle native throughout Europe, northwestern Africa, and northern Asia. It is one of the most destructive shoot-feeding species in northern Europe.〔J M Davies and C J King (1977) ''Pine Shoot Beetles''. Forestry Commission Leaflet 3. HMSO, London ISBN 0-11-710219-9.〕〔Global Invasive Species Database: (''Tomicus piniperda'' (insect) )〕
Its primary host plant is Scots Pine ''Pinus sylvestris'', but it also uses European Black Pine ''P. nigra'', Maritime Pine ''P. pinaster'', Eastern White Pine ''P. strobus'', Red Pine ''P. resinosa'', Jack Pine ''P. banksiana'' and other pines to a small extent, and more rarely on spruce ''Picea'' and larch ''Larix''.〔〔〔Vasconcelos, T., Nazare, N., Branco, M., Kerdelhue, C., Sauvard, D., & Lieutier, F. (2003). Host Preference of ''Tomicus piniperda'' and ''Tomicus destruens'' for Three Pine Species. ''Proccedings: JUFRO Kanazava 2003 “Forest Insect Population Dynamics and Host Influences"'' (19–21 )〕
==Description==
It is black or dark brown, 3.5–4.8 mm long, with a cylindrical body, rounded at the head and abdomen ends.〔〔Pests and Diseases Image Library: (Pine shoot beetle )〕 It breeds in recently dead and dying trees, most often windblown trees lying on the ground but also in e.g. fire-killed standing trees. The adults tunnel a breeding gallery in spring, up to 25 cm long, parallel to the wood grain, where they lay their eggs. On hatching, the larvae chew through the phloem radially from the gallery for several months, emerging as new adults in late summer. The adults then feed through the autumn and winter on the pith in strong apical shoots of healthy young trees, killing the bored-out shoots. This does not kill the tree, but causes damage to the growth form, reducing the economic value of the timber by reducing growth rates and stem straightness.〔 There is one generation per year, with most adults dying after having sex many times, though a few survive to have sex again a year later.〔 Unlike most bark beetles, ''Tomicus piniperda'' does not use pheromones for pre-breeding association and pairing, but instead homes in on the resin scent emitted by damaged specimens of the host species.〔Byers, J. A., Lanne, B. S., Löfqvist, J., Schlyter, F., & Bergström, G. (1985). Olfactory Recognition of Host-Tree Susceptibility by Pine Shoot Beetles. (''Naturwissenschaften'' 72: 324-326. )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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